Lubricating oil composition

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a lubricating oil composition, comprising: a lubricant base oil having a sulfur content adjusted to 0.1% or less by mass; and (A) one or more alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salicylates in which the ratio of a salicylate constituent having, in the 3- and 5-positions, hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 40 carbon atoms is adjusted to 10% or more by mol and/or (B) one or more alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salicylates in which the ratio of one or more monoalkylsalicylate constituents is adjusted to 85% or more by mol and the ratio of a monoalkylsalicylate constituent having, in the 3-position, a secondary alkyl group having 10 or more and less than 20 carbon atoms is adjusted to 50% or more by mol, the (A) and/or (B) being incorporated into the base oil in an amount of 0.005 to 5% by mass of the total of the composition, and the amount being an amount in terms of the metal element therein. In this way, the oxidation life under the contamination of water content is improved.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a lubricating oil composition,specifically, a lubricating oil composition which is excellent inoxidation stability under the contamination of water content and issuitable for internal combustion engines.

BACKGROUND ART

Conventionally, it has been considered that the oxidation deteriorationof lubricating oil is promoted under high temperature conditions. Inrecent years, however, attention has been paid to the fact that underthe conditions that the oil is present together with water content thedeterioration is promoted at relatively low temperature also (IGARASHI,Tribologist, vol. 45, No. 11, (2000), pp. 801-808). It appears that theoxidation deterioration of lubricating oil for internal combustionengines at low temperature is caused by the following: water vaporgenerated by combustion in an engine or water content in air condensesso as to be incorporated into the lubricating oil; when this remains andaccumulates in the lubricating oil without evaporating, the oxidationdeterioration is promoted; and then water reacts with sulfur compounds,such as sulfur oxides contained in combustion gas or zincdithiophosphate contained in the lubricating oil, decomposition productsthereof, and other compounds so as to generate strong acids such assulfuric acid. A metal detergent has effect of neutralizing such strongacids, and is used to heighten the high-temperature detergency oflubricating oil. However, when the metal detergent itself is used up forthe neutralization, the oxidation deterioration of the lubricating oilis abruptly caused. It is therefore difficult to maintain the initialperformance of the lubricating oil for a long term.

Under conditions for driving an ordinary internal combustion engine, thetemperature of a lubricating oil inside its crank case becomes high.Thus, water content incorporated into the lubricating oil as describedabove, evaporates easily, and the base oil itself of the lubricating oilgives a low solubility of water content. Therefore, the content thereofusually becomes about several tens of ppm by mass. However, watercontent accumulates in the crank case when the following is performed:the driving in the state that the temperature of the oil is low andwater-in-oil does not evaporate easily, for example, the driving fromthe time when the oil is cool to the time when the oil temperaturebecomes about 100° C. or higher, the driving for a long term at lowtemperature, for example, at an oil temperature of 80° C. or lower, thedriving in which an engine pauses while idling, or the driving whereshort-distance running is repeated. About recent lubricating oil, forinternal combustion engines, into which a large amount of a dispersingagent such as succinimide is incorporated, water content is easilyembraced by the lubricating oil. Thus, the water content by percent inthe lubricating oil easily becomes higher than conventional lubricatingoil. In particular, in the case where an internal combustion engineusing, as a fuel, gasoline, LPG, natural gas or the like in which theamount of water vapor generated by combustion is large, water content iseasily condensed by vaporization heat is driven under conditions asdescribed above, the following results are obtained when the watercontent in the used oil is analyzed: the water content is dissolved andcontained in the lubricating oil in an amount of at most 200 to 500 ppmby mass, particularly 1000 ppm or more by mass in the case where theengine is a gas engine and, as the case may be, 10000 ppm by mass, ormore. In the case of internal combustion engines for ship, such asoutboard engines for motorboats, which are driven over water,lubricating oil is exposed to low-temperature (for example, 50 to 70°C.) and high-humidity conditions, and the conditions are severeconditions against the oxidation deterioration of lubricating oil.

The present inventor has found out that: it is possible for alow-sulfur-content lubricating oil composition in which zincdithiophosphate, which is excellent in antioxidation and wearprevention, is decreased or is not used in order to restrain theconsumption of a metal detergent to restrain the consumption of themetal detergent and improve high-temperature detergency, oxidationstability at high temperature, and others; and further when the sulfurcontent in fuel used in an internal combustion engine is 50 ppm or lessby mass, in particular, 10 ppm or less by mass, the amount of sulfuroxide, which originates from the fuel, incorporated into the lubricatingoil is remarkably decreased so that the base number retention propertyand others of the lubricating oil can be made high (Japanese PatentApplication No. 2002-015351).

However, even in such a case in which the amount of strong acid, whichoriginates from sulfur, incorporated into a lubricating oil isremarkably decreased, the following problems become evident underconditions, as described above, that a large amount of water content ispresent: antioxidation performance and others of a metal detergent, inparticular, a salicylate detergent superior in high-temperaturedetergency and high-temperature oxidation stability are markedlyhindered and, as the case may be, precipitation is generated. Thus, ithas been desired to solve the problems.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

In light of the above-mentioned situation, an object of the presentinvention is to provide a lubricating oil composition excellent inoxidation stability under the contamination of water content. Anotherobject of the invention is to provide a lubricating oil compositionwhich is also excellent in oxidation stability in the presence of NOx,which is a different cause of the promotion of oxidation deterioration.

The present inventor has paid attention to the structure of salicylateas a metal detergent, and made eager investigations so as to find outthat a lubricating oil composition in which a salicylate having aspecific structure is incorporated into a lubricant base oil having aspecific property makes it possible to improve largely oxidationstability under the contamination of water content. Thus, the presentinvention has been made.

Accordingly, the present invention is a lubricating oil compositioncomprising: a lubricant base oil having a sulfur content adjusted to0.1% or less by mass; and the following (A) and/or (B) incorporated intothe base oil in an amount of 0.005 to 5% by mass of the total of thecomposition, the amount being an amount in terms of the metal elementtherein:

(A) one or more alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salicylates inwhich the ratio (or percentage) of a salicylate constituent representedby the following general formula (1) is adjusted to 10% or more by mol,and/or one or more (over) basic salts thereof; and

(B) one or more alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salicylates inwhich the ratio of one or more monoalkylsalicylate constituents isadjusted to 85% or more by mol and the ratio of a monoalkylsalicylateconstituent represented by the following general formula (2) is adjustedto 50% or more by mol, and/or one or more (over) basic salts thereof:

wherein R¹ and R² may be the same or different and each represent ahydrocarbon group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and the hydrocarbon groupmay contain oxygen or nitrogen in the general formula (1); R³ representsa secondary alkyl group having 10 or more and less than 20 carbon atomsin the general formula (2); and M represents an alkali metal or alkalineearth metal and n represents 1 or 2 in accordance with the valencenumber of the metal in the general formulae (1) and (2).

It is preferable that any one of R¹ and R² in the general formula (1) isan alkyl group having 10 to 40 carbon atoms, and the other is ahydrocarbon group which has less than 10 carbon atoms and (may haveoxygen or nitrogen).

It is also preferable that anyone of R¹ and R² in the general formula(1) is an alkyl group having 10 or more and less than 20 carbon atoms,and the other is a hydrocarbon group which has less than 10 carbon atoms(may have oxygen or nitrogen).

It is also preferable that the total content of sulfur in thelubricating oil composition of the invention is 0.2% or less by mass.

It is also preferable that the lubricating oil composition of theinvention does not contain any zinc dithiophosphate and does notsubstantially contain any sulfur-containing additive.

The lubricating oil composition of the invention is particularlyeffective in the case where the composition is used under conditionsthat the water content in the lubricating oil composition is 200 ppm ormore by mass.

The lubricating oil composition of the invention is preferably for aninternal combustion engine, and the internal combustion engine is inparticular preferably an internal combustion engine in which fuel havinga sulfur content of 50 ppm or less by mass is used.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is described in detail hereinafter.

The lubricant base oil in the lubricating oil composition of theinvention is not limited to any especial kind. Any mineral oil type baseoil or synthetic type base oil that is used in ordinary lubricating oilmay be used.

Specific examples of the mineral oil type base oil include oils obtainedby purifying a lubricating oil fraction yielded by distilling anatmospheric residue, which is obtained by distilling crude oil undernormal pressure, under reduced pressure by at least one selected fromsolvent deasphalting, solvent extraction, hydrocracking, solventdewaxing, hydrorefining and other treatments; wax-isomerized mineraloils; and base oils produced by isomerizing GTL wax (gas-to-liquid wax).

The sulfur content in the mineral oil type base oil is 0.1% or less bymass, preferably 0.05% or less by mass, more preferably 0.005% or lessby mass, and in particular preferably 0.002% or less by mass. Alow-sulfur lubricating oil composition better in oxidation stabilityunder the contamination of water content can be obtained by decreasingthe sulfur content in the mineral oil type base oil.

Specific examples of the synthetic type base oil include polybutene orhydrogenated products thereof; poly-α-olefins, such as 1-octene oligomerand 1-decene oligomer, or hydrogenated products; diesters such asditridecyl glutarate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate,ditridecyl adipate and di-2-ethylhexyl cebacate; polyol esters such astrimethylolpropane caprilate, trimethylolpropane pelargonate,pentaerythritol-2-ethyl hexanoate, and pentaerythritol pelargonate; andaromatic synthesis oils such as alkylnaphthalene, alkylbenzene, andaromatic esters; and mixtures thereof.

In the present invention, one of the above-mentioned mineral oil typeoil bases, one of the above-mentioned synthetic type base oils, or anymixture composed of two or more lubricating oils selected therefrom canbe used as long as the total sulfur content is adjusted to 0.1% or lessby mass. Examples thereof include one or more out of the mineral oiltype base oils, one ore more out of the synthetic type base oils, and amixture of one or more out of the mineral oil type base oils and one ormore out of the synthetic type base oils.

The total aromatic fraction content in the lubricant base oil is notparticularly limited, and is preferably 10% or less by mass, morepreferably 6% or less by mass, even more preferably 3% or less by mass,and particularly preferably 2% or less by mass. A composition better inoxidation stability can be obtained by setting the total aromaticfraction content in the base oil to 10% or less by mass. Theabove-mentioned total aromatic fraction content means the content ofaromatic fractions measured in accordance with ASTM D2549. The aromaticfractions usually include alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes; anthracene,phenanthlene, and alkylated products thereof; compounds in which 4 ormore benzene rings are condensed; compounds having a hetero aromatic,such as pyridines, quinolines, phenols and naphthols; and others.

The kinematic viscosity of the lubricant base oil is not particularlylimited, and the kinematic viscosity thereof at 100° C. is preferably 20mm²/s or less, more preferably 10 mm²/s or less to keep thelow-temperature viscosity property good. On the other hand, thekinematic viscosity is preferably 1 mm²/S or more, more preferably 2mm²/s or more to form a sufficient oil film at lubricating spots so asto keep the lubricity therein and control the evaporation loss of thelubricant base oil into a low value.

The evaporation loss of the lubricant base oil is 20% or less by mass,more preferably 16% or less by mass, and particularly preferably 10% orless by mass as measured by NOACK evaporation analysis. When the NOACKevaporation loss of the lubricant base oil is kept at 20% or less bymass, the evaporation loss of the lubricating oil can be controlled intoa low value. In addition thereto, when the lubricating oil is used as alubricating oil for internal combustion engines, sulfur compounds,phosphorus compounds or metals in the composition are prevented frombeing deposited, together with the lubricant base oil, on an exhaust gaspurifying device. As a result, it is possible to prevent a bad effectfrom being produced on the exhaust gas purifying performance. The NOACKevaporation loss referred to herein is a value obtained by keeping 60 gof a lubricating oil sample at 250° C. and a reduced pressure of 20mmH₂O (196 Pa) for 1 hour and measuring the evaporation quantitytherefrom after the keeping in accordance with CECL-40-T-87.

The viscosity index of the lubricant base oil is not particularlylimited, and the value is preferably 80 or more, more preferably 100 ormore, and even more preferably 120 or more to obtain superiorviscometric property at temperatures from low temperature to hightemperature.

The (A) component (s) in the present invention is/are one or more alkalimetal or alkaline earth metal salicylates in which the ratio (orpercentage) of a salicylate constituent represented by the generalformula (1) is adjusted to 10% or more by mol, and/or one or more (over)basic salts thereof.

In the general formula (1), R¹ and R² may be the same or different andeach represent a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and thehydrocarbon group may contain oxygen or nitrogen. M represents an alkalimetal or alkaline earth metal, and is sodium, potassium, calcium,magnesium or the like, preferably calcium or magnesium and particularlydesirably calcium. n represents 1 or 2 in accordance with the valencenumber of the metal.

Examples of the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms includealkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl, aryl,alkyl-substituted aryl, and arylalkyl groups. Specific examples thereofinclude alkyl groups which have 1 to 40 carbon atoms (and may eachlinear or branched) such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl,heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl,pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl,heneicosyl, dococyl, tricocyl, tetracocyl, pentacocyl, hexacocyl,heptacocyl, octacocyl, nonacocyl and triacontyl groups; cycloalkylgroups having 5 to 7 carbon atoms such as cyclopentyl and cyclohexylgroups; alkylcycloalkyl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (theposition(s) where the alkyl group(s) is/are substituted on thecycloalkyl group being arbitrary) such as methylcyclopentyl,dimethylcyclopentyl, methylethylcyclopentyl, diethylcyclopentyl,methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, methylethylcyclohexyl,diethylcyclohexyl, methylcycloheptyl, dimethylcycloheptyl, andmethylethylcycloheptyl groups; alkenyl groups (which may be linear orbranched, the position of the double bond being arbitrary) such asbutenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl,undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl,hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl and nonadecenyl groups; arylgroups such as phenyl and naphthyl groups; alkylaryl groups having 7 to10 carbon atoms (in which the alkyl group(s) may be linear or branched,the position(s) where the alkyl group(s) is/are substituted on the arylgroup being arbitrary) such as tolyl, xylyl, ethylphenyl, propylphenyl,and butylphenyl groups; and arylalkyl groups which have 7 to 10 carbonatoms (and may be linear or branched) such as benzyl, phenylethyl,phenylpropyl, and phenylbutyl groups.

Especial limitation is not imposed on the combination of R¹ with R².Preferable examples of the combination include the followingcombinations (1) to (4):

(1) R¹ and R² are the same, and are each a hydrocarbon group having 10or more and less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably 14 to 18 carbon atoms.

(2) R¹ and R² are the same, and are each a hydrocarbon group having 20to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 20 to 30 carbon atoms.

(3) One of R¹ and R² is a hydrocarbon group having 10 or more and lessthan 20 carbon atoms, preferably 14 to 18 carbon atoms, and the other isa hydrocarbon group having less than 10 carbon atoms, preferably lessthan 5 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 1 carbon atom.

(4) One of R¹ and R² is a hydrocarbon group having 20 to 40 carbonatoms, preferably 20 to 30 carbon atoms, and the other is a hydrocarbongroup having less than 10 carbon atoms, preferably less than 5 carbonatoms, particularly preferably 1 carbon atom.

Of these, the above-mentioned (1) or (3) is particularly preferable, andthe (3) is most preferable. It is particularly preferable that R¹ is ahydrocarbon group having 10 or more and less than 20 carbon atoms and R²is a hydrocarbon group having less than 10 carbon atoms.

The hydrocarbon group having 10 to 40 carbon atoms is preferably asecondary alkyl group which is derived from a polymer or a copolymer ofethylene, propylene, butylene or the like, or from some other compoundand is represented by the following general formula (3):

wherein x and y are an integer of 0 to 37 and x+y is from 7 to 37,preferably, x and y are an integer of 0 to 27 and x+y is from 7 to 27,more preferably x and y are an integer of 0 to 16 and x+y is from 7 to16 or x and y are an integer of 0 to 23 and x+y is from 17 to 23, andparticularly preferably x and y are an integer of 0 to 15 and x+y isfrom 11 to 15.

Examples of the hydrocarbon group having less than 10 carbon atomsinclude alkyl groups having 1 or more and less than 10 carbon atoms suchas methyl, ethyl, butyl and t-butyl. These may contain oxygen ornitrogen, and an example thereof is a —COOH group. Of these, t-butyl andmethyl groups are preferable, and a methyl group is most preferable.

The method for producing the (A) component(s) is not particularlylimited. Known methods disclosed in Japanese Patent ApplicationPublication (JP-B) No. 48-35325, JP-B No. 50-3082 and others can beused. For example, in the case where one of R¹ and R² is an alkyl grouphaving 10 or more and less than 20 carbon atoms or having 20 to 30carbon atoms and the other is a methyl group, the (A) component(s)is/are obtained by alkylating the p-position or o-position of o-cresolor p-cresol as a starting material by use of an olefin having 10 or moreand less than 20 carbon atoms or having 20 to 30 carbon atoms, nextsubjecting the resultant to carboxylation, and further causing theresultant carboxylated compound(s) to react with a metal base such as anoxide or hydroxide of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, orconverting the carboxylated compound (s) once to an alkali metal saltthereof, such as a sodium salt or potassium salt thereof, and thensubstituting the metal salt to an alkaline earth metal salt.

In the (A) component(s), the ratio of the salicylate constituentrepresented by the general formula (1) is 10% or more by mol, preferably20% or more by mol, more preferably 40% or more by mol, and mostpreferably 100% by mol. It is particularly preferable that the ratio ofthe salicylate constituent of the (1) or (3), or the (3) is 10% or moreby mol. Examples of the salicylate which is contained in the (A)component(s) and is different from the salicylate represented by thegeneral formula (1) include monoalkylsalicylates having an alkyl grouphaving 1 to 40 carbon atoms, such as 3-alkylsalicylate,4-alkylsalicylate, and 5-alkylsalicylate. The ratio of theseconstituents is not limited, and the constituents usually correspond tothe remaining fractions of the compounds represented by the generalformula (1).

The (B) component(s) in the lubricating oil composition of the presentinvention is/are one or more alkali metal or alkaline earth metalsalicylates in which the ratio of one or more monoalkylsalicylateconstituents is adjusted to 85% or more by mol and the ratio of amonoalkylsalicylate constituent represented by the general formula (2)is adjusted to 50% or more by mol, and/or one or more (over) basic saltsthereof.

In the general formula (2), R³ represents a secondary alkyl group having10 or more and less than 20 carbon atoms, and M represents an alkalimetal or alkaline earth metal, and is sodium, potassium, calcium,magnesium or the like, preferably calcium or magnesium and particularlydesirably calcium. n represents 1 or 2 in accordance with the valencenumber of the metal.

Examples of the secondary alkyl group having 10 or more and less than 20carbon atoms include secondary decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl,tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, and nonadecylgroups. The alkyl group is a secondary alkyl group which has 10 or moreand less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably 14 to 18 carbon atoms and isderived from a polymer or copolymer of ethylene, propylene, butylene orthe like, or from some other compound. The secondary alkyl groupreferred to herein has the same meaning as the secondary alkyl group inthe above-mentioned item of the (A) component (s)

The method for producing the (B) component(s) is not particularlylimited, and can be obtained by using any known method for producing amonoalkylsalicylate and adjusting the ratio of the monoalkylsalicylateconstituent(s) to 85% or more by mol. In order to set the ratio of thesalicylate (3-alkylsalicylate) constituent of the general formula (2) to50% or more by mol, specifically, for example, the following is causedto react with a metal base such as an oxide or hydroxide of an alkalimetal or alkaline earth metal, or the following is once converted to analkali metal salt thereof, such as a sodium salt or potassium saltthereof, and then substituting the salt to an alkaline earth metal salt:a compound obtained by alkylating the ortho position of phenol asstarting material selectively by use of an equivalent amount of anolefin having 10 or more and less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably 14 to18 carbon atoms, and next subjecting the resultant to carboxylation; acompound obtained by alkylating the 3-position of salicylic acidselectively by use of the above-mentioned olefin; a compound obtained byisolating a 3-alkylsalicylic acid selectively from a mixture made mainlyof monoalkylsalicylic acids, and then concentrating the isolated acid;or a compound obtained by adding the above-mentioned high-concentration3-alkylsalicylic acid to a monoalkylsalicylic acid mixture so as to setthe ratio of the 3-alkylsalicylic acid constituent to 50% or more bymol.

About the (B) component(s) obtained as described above, besides thesalicylate represented by the general formula (2) (3-alkylsalicylatehaving a secondary alkyl group having 10 or more and less than 20 carbonatoms), the following are usually obtained as byproducts:4-alkylsalicylate, 5-alkylsalicylate, 3,5-dialkylsalicylate, 5-alkyl4-hydroxyisophtalate and other salicylates, which each have an alkylgroup having 10 or more and less than 20 carbon atoms. The total ratioof the monoalkylsalicylate constituent(s) (3-alkylsalicylate,4-alkylsalicylate, 5-alkylsalicylate, and others, which each have asecondary alkyl group having 10 or more and less than 20 carbon atoms)is 85% or more by mol, preferably 90% or more by mol, and mostpreferably 100% by mol. The ratio of the constituent(s) may be 96% orless by mol from the viewpoint of production costs. The ratio of thesalicylate represented by the general formula (2) is 50% or more by mol,preferably 55% or more by mol, more preferably 60% or more by mol, evenmore preferably 80% or more by mol, and most preferably 100% by mol. Theratio of the constituent may be 96% or less by mol from the viewpoint ofproduction costs.

The monoalkylsalicylates having an alkyl group having 10 or more andless than 20 carbon atoms are better than monoalkylsalicylates having analkyl group having 20 to 40 carbon atoms in oxidation stability underthe contamination of water content, and are better thanmonoalkylsalicylates having an alkyl group having 1 or more and lessthan 10 carbon atoms in oil solubility. In the case where the ratio ofthe salicylate constituent represented by the general formula (2) in the(B) component(s) is set to 50% or more by mol, the oxidation stabilitythereof under the contamination of water and the oil solubility arebetter in the case where the ratio is set to less than 50% by mol.

The (A) component(s) and the (B) component(s) in the invention containnot only the neutral salts obtained as described above but also basicsalts obtained by heating these neutral salts and an excessive amount ofan alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt or an alkali metal oralkaline earth metal base (a hydroxide or oxide of an alkali metal oralkaline earth metal) in the presence of water and perbasic saltsobtained by causing the neutral salts to react with a base, such as ahydroxide of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, in the presence ofcarbon dioxide, boric acid, or borate.

Usually, these reactions are conducted in a solvent (such as analiphatic hydrocarbon solvent such as hexane; an aromatic hydrocarbonsolvent such as xylene; or a light lubricant base oil). (Per)basic saltsin which the content of their metal is from 1.0 to 20% by mass,preferably from 2.0 to 16% by mass are obtained.

About the (A) component(s) or the (B) component(s) in the invention, themetal ratio thereof is not particularly limited, and is usually 20 orless, preferably 5 or less. The component (s) is/are preferably one ormore salicylates in which the metal ratio is preferably 2.3 or less,more preferably 1.5 or less, and even more preferably 1.3 or less inorder to improve the oxidation stability further under the contaminationof water content. In this case, one or a mixture of two or more out ofneutral, basic and perbasic salicylate detergents may be used as long asthe metal ratio thereof is 2.3 or less. The metal ratio referred toherein is represented by (the valence number of the metal element inalkali metal or alkaline earth salicylate)×(the metal element content (%by mol))/(the soap-group content (% by mol)) in which the metal elementmeans calcium, magnesium or the like, and the soap-group content meansthe group of alkylsalicylic acid.

In the lubricating oil composition of the invention, the (A)component(s) and the (B) component(s) may be used together. When the (A)component(s) and the (B) component(s) may be used together, a synergeticeffect for the improvement in oxidation stability under thecontamination of water content can be evidently recognized. About theblend ratio between the (A) component(s) and the (B) component(s), it isadvisable to mix them so as to set the ratio of the salicylaterepresented by the general formula (1) to 10% or more by mol, preferably25% or more by mol, and more preferably 40% or more by mol. It isdesired that the total constituent ratio of the salicylate representedby the general formula (1), in particular the salicylate in which one ofR¹ and R² is a hydrocarbon group having 10 to 40 carbon atoms and theother is a hydrocarbon group having less than 10 carbon atoms, and thesalicylate represented by the general formula (2) is preferably 60% ormore by mol, more preferably 65% or more by mol, even more preferably70% or more by mol, and particularly preferably 80% or more by mol. Itappears that this is because the ratio of the salicylate constituentrepresented by the general formula (1) increases and the ratio of the5-alkylsalicylate constituent among the monoalkylsalicylates whichmainly constitute the (B) component(s) decreases. That is, it appearsthat the lubricating oil composition into which salicylates where theconstituent ratio of the salicylate having an alkyl group at least inthe 3-position thereof, in particular a secondary alkyl group having 10or more and less than 20 therein, is high are incorporated makes itpossible to improve the oxidation stability further under thecontamination of water content. If the total ratio of the salicylateconstituents having a hydrocarbon group at least in the 3-position is65% or more by mol, preferably 70% or more by mol and particularlypreferably 80% or more by mol even in the case where the salicylateconstituents are salicylates having a hydrocarbon group having 20 ormore carbon atoms, the oxidation stability under the contamination ofwater content can be similarly improved.

In the lubricating oil composition of the invention, the lower limit ofthe content by percentage of the (A) component(s) and/or the (B)component(s) is 0.005% by mass, preferably 0.01% by mass, and morepreferably 0.02% by mass of the total of the composition, the lowerlimit being a lower limit in terms of the metal element therein, inorder to obtain a sufficient antioxidation effect under thecontamination of water content. The upper limit thereof is 5% by mass,preferably 1% by mass, more preferably 0.5% by mass, even morepreferably 0.3% by mass, particularly preferably 0.15% by mass, and moreparticularly preferably 0.1% by mass in order to obtain the effectcorresponding to the blended amount thereof.

The lubricating oil composition of the invention is a lubricating oilcomposition in which the (A) component(s) and/or the (B) component(s)is/are incorporated into a lubricant base oil having a sulfur contentadjusted to 0.1% or less by mass. In order to improve the performancethereof further or improve other necessary performances, one or moreadditives selected from known additives may be arbitrarily incorporatedinto the composition, examples of the known additives including anantioxidant, an ashless dispersant, an anti-wear agent, metal detergentsother than the (A) component(s), a friction modifier, a viscosity indeximprover, a corrosion inhibitor, a rust inhibitor, an anti-emulsifier, ametal inactivator, an antifoamer, and a colorant.

As the antioxidant, any antioxidant that is ordinarily used inlubricating oils may be used, examples of which include a phenol typeantioxidant, an amine type antioxidant, and a metal type antioxidant.Since the antioxidation performance of the lubricating oil compositionis made higher by the addition of the antioxidant, the effect forimproving the oxidation stability under the contamination of watercontent or the base number retention property and high-temperaturedetergency can be made still higher.

Preferable examples of the phenol type antioxidant include4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),4,4′-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),4,4′-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),4,4′-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol,4,4′-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol),2,2′-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol),2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol,2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-α-dimethylamino-p-cresol,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N′-dimethylaminomethylphenol),4,4′-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),4,4′-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),2,2′-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol),bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide,bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide,2,2′-thio-diethylenebis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxypheny1)propionate], tridecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate,pentaerythrityl-tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate],octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate,octyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, and3-methyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl-substituted aliphatic acid esters.These may be used in the form of a mixture of two or more thereof.

Examples of the amine type antioxidant include phenyl-α-naphthylamine,alkylphenyl-α-naphthylamine, and dialkyldiphenylamine. These may be usedin the form of a mixture of two or more thereof. The amine typeantioxidant may be combined with the above-mentioned phenol typeantioxidant.

When the antioxidant is incorporated into the lubricating oilcomposition of the invention, the content thereof by percentage isusually 5.0% or less by mass, preferably 3.0% or less by mass, and morepreferably 2.5% or less by mass of the total of the lubricating oilcomposition in order to obtain a sufficient antioxidation effectcorresponding to the blended amount thereof. On the other hand, thecontent thereof by percentage is preferably 0.1% or more by mass,preferably 1% or more by mass of the total of the lubricating oilcomposition in order to heighten the oxidation stability further underthe contamination of water content.

Examples of the ashless dispersant include succinimide type ashlessdispersants, benzylamine type ashless dispersants, polybutenylamine typeashless dispersants, and compounds modified with a boron compound, anoxygen-containing organic compound, a phosphorus compound, a sulfurcompound or the like.

Examples of the anti-wear agent include sulfur-containing compounds suchas zinc dithiophosphate, zinc dithiocarbamate, disulfides, olefinsulfides, and oil and fat sulfides; and phosphites and phosphates, andmetal or amine salts thereof.

Examples of the metal detergents other than the (A) component(s) includealkali metal or alkaline earth metal sulfonates and phenates.

Examples of the friction modifier include molybdenum dithiophosphate,molybdenum dithiocarbamate, aliphatic acid esters, aliphatic amines,aliphatic acid amides, and aliphatic ethers.

Specific examples of the viscosity index improver include the so-callednon-dispersion type viscosity index improvers, which are polymers,copolymers made from one monomer or two or more monomers selected fromvarious methacrylic acid esters, or hydrogenated products thereof; theso-called dispersion type viscosity index improvers, which are obtainedby copolymerizing them further with various methacrylic acid esterscontaining a nitrogen compound; non-dispersion type or dispersion typeethylene-α-olefin copolymers (examples of the α-olefin includingpropylene, 1-butene and 1-pentene), or hydrogenated products thereof;polyisobutylene, or hydrogenated products thereof; hydrogenated productsof styrene-diene copolymer; styrene-anhydrous maleic acid estercopolymer; and polyalkylstyrene.

It is necessary that the molecular weight of these viscosity indeximprovers is selected, considering shear stability. Specifically, thenumber-average molecular weight of the viscosity index improvers isusually from 5,000 to 1,000,000, preferably from 100,000 to 900,000 inthe case of, for example, the dispersion type and the non-dispersiontype polyacrylates; is usually from 800 to 5,000, preferably from 1,000to 4,000 in the case of the polyisobutylene or the hydrogenated productsthereof; and is usually from 800 to 500,000, preferably from 3,000 to200,000 in the case of the ethylene-α-olefin copolymers or thehydrogenated products thereof.

In the case where the ethylene-α-olefin copolymers or the hydrogenatedproducts thereof are used out of these viscosity index improvers,lubricating oil compositions particularly excellent in shear stabilitycan be obtained. One compound or two or more compounds selected at willfrom the above-mentioned viscosity index improvers can be contained inan arbitrary amount. The content by percentage of the viscosity indeximprover(s) is usually from 0.1 to 20.0% by mass of the lubricating oilcomposition.

Examples of the corrosion inhibitor include benztriazole type,tolyltriazole type, thiadiazole type, and imidazole type compounds.

Examples of the rust inhibitor include petroleum sulfonate,alkylbenzenesulfonate, dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate, alkenylsuccinic acidesters, and polyhydric alcohol esters.

Examples of the anti-emulsifier include polyalkylene glycol typenonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ether,polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether and polyoxyethylene alkyl naphthylether.

Examples of the metal inactivator include imidazolin, pyrimidinederivatives, alkylthiadiazole, mercaptobenzothiazole, benzotriazole orderivatives thereof, 1,3,4-thiadiazole polysulfide,1,3,4-thiazolyl-2,5-bisdialkyldithiocarbamate,2-(alkyldithio)benzimidazole, and β-(o-carboxybenzylthio)propionitrile.

Examples of the antifoamer include silicone, fluorosilicone, andfluoroalkyl ether.

When these additives are incorporated into the lubricating oilcomposition of the invention, the content thereof by percentage isusually selected from the range of 0.005 to 5% by mass of the total ofthe lubricating oil composition in the case of the corrosion inhibitor,the rust inhibitor or the antiemulsifier; from the range of 0.005 to 1%by mass thereof in the case of the metal inactivator; and from the rangeof 0.0005 to 1% by mass thereof in the case of the antifoamer.

In the lubricating oil composition of the invention, the total sulfurcontent is set preferably to 0.2% or less by mass, more preferably to0.1% or less by mass, and even more preferably to 0.05% or less by massby decreasing the sulfur content in the lubricant base oil or decreasingthe content of the sulfur-containing additive(s), such as zincdithiophosphate, among the above-mentioned additives, or byincorporating none of the sulfur-containing additive(s). In particular,the content of the sulfur-containing additive(s) including zincdithiophosphate, which undergoes self-decomposition or oxidationdeterioration to generate a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, therebydamaging the oxidation stability under the contamination of watercontent, is set preferably to 0.15% or less by mass, more preferably to0.1% or less by mass, and particularly preferably to about 0, thecontent being an amount in terms of the sulfur element therein. In thiscase, it is possible to obtain a lubricating oil composition having atotal sulfur content of 0.01% or less by mass or 0.001% or less by mass,or a lubricating oil composition which does not substantially containsulfur.

The lubricating oil composition of the invention is effective in thecase where the composition is used in the state of the contamination ofwater content therein. Such a state can be verified by collecting thelubricating oil in use and then measuring the water content in thelubricating oil. Specifically, the lubricating oil composition iseffective under conditions that the water content in the lubricating oilbecomes 200 ppm or more by mass, preferably 300 ppm or more by mass,more preferably 500 ppm or more by mass, even more preferably 1000 ppmor more by mass, and particularly preferably 3000 ppm or more by mass.The water content in the lubricating oil referred to herein means thewater content measured by the method prescribed in JISK2275-5 “KarlFischer Coulometric Titration Method” (using a water content vaporizingdevice).

It has been proved that the lubricating oil composition of the inventionis excellent in oxidation stability under the contamination of watercontent and exhibits high-temperature detergency and excellent oxidationstability even in the atmosphere of NOx. Accordingly, the lubricatingoil composition of the invention can be preferably used as a lubricatingoil for internal combustion engines, such as gasoline engines, dieselengines and gas engines for motorcycles, automobiles, power generationand ships. Furthermore, the lubricating oil composition is a low-sulfurlubricating oil; therefore, the lubricating oil composition isparticularly effective for internal combustion engines into which anexhaust gas purifying catalyst is fitted. Also, the composition can bepreferably used as a lubricating oil for internal combustion engines ofships, such as outboard motors for motorboats, which are driven on thewater under low oil temperature and high humidity conditions. Thecomposition can be particularly preferably used as a lubricating oil forinternal combustion engines using a low sulfur fuel, such as gasoline,light oil, kerosene, LPG or natural gas having a sulfur content of 50ppm or less by mass, preferably 30 ppm or less by mass and particularlypreferably 10 ppm or less by mass, or for internal combustion enginesusing hydrogen, dimethyl ether, alcohol, or GTL (gas-to-liquid) fuelwhich does not substantially contain any sulfur content, that is,internal combustion engines in which the amount of sulfur oxide whichresults from a fuel, and is incorporated into a lubricating oil isremarkably reduced; in particular, as a lubricating oil for gas engines.

The lubricating oil composition of the invention can be preferably usedas a lubricant the oxidation stability of which is desired to beimproved as described above, such as lubricating oil for systems fordriving an automatic or manual transmission driving mechanism or thelike, grease, wet-type brake, oil pressure hydraulic oil, turbine oil,compressor oil, shaft bearing oil, refrigerating machine oil, or thelike.

EXAMPLES

The following describes the content of the invention more specificallyby way of Examples and Comparative Examples. However, the invention isnot limited by these examples.

Examples 1 to 6, and Comparative Example 1

Lubricating oil compositions of the invention (Examples 1 to 6) and alubricating oil composition for comparison (Comparative Example 1) wereeach prepared, as shown in Table 1. Each calcium salicylate used hereinwas calcium salicylate obtained by removing oil contents and unreactedproducts or impurities (such as phenol, cresol, olefins, and water)generated at the time of synthesizing the salicylate beforehand bydialysis with a rubber membrane or some other method. The compositionsof the invention were each prepared so as to set the water contenttherein to 100 ppm or less by mass by heating each of these calciumsalicylates together with a lubricant base oil and stirring the mixtureat 100° C. for 1 hour.

TABLE 1 Based on the total amount of Comparative the composition Example1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 1 Lubricantbase oil *1) 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 % by mass Calciumsalicylate A B C D E F G content 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Amount interms of the metal  (0.05)  (0.04)  (0.05)  (0.05)  (0.05)  (0.04) (0.04) element therein Total sulfur content (in the total 0.001 0.0010.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 of the composition) % by mass *1)Hydrorefined mineral oil Content of all aromatic fractions: 1.2% bymass, sulfur content: 10 ppm by mass, 100° C. kinematic viscosity: 5.6mm²/s, viscosity index: 125, and NOACK evaporation loss: 8% by mass

Table 2 shows the calcium content, alkyl groups, the salicylic acidstructure, and others of the calcium salicylate(s) incorporated intoeach of the compositions.

TABLE 2 Calcium salicylate A B C D E F G Calcium content % by mol 5.24.3 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.3 4.3 Alkyl group Secondary Secondary SecondarySecondary Secondary Secondary Secondary C14, 16, 18 C20, 22, 24, 26 C14,16, 18 C14, 16, 18 C14, 16, 18 C20, 22, 24, 26 C20, 22, 24, 26 Metalratio 1 1 1 1 1 1.1 1.2 Salicylic acid structure 3-Alkyl-5-methyl- % bymol 100 100 50 30 salicylic acid 3-Alkylsalicylic acid % by mol 100 6332 39 55 3,5-Dialkylsalicylic % by mol 3 1 2 3 acid 5-Alkyl-4-hydroxy- %by mol 2 1 2 3 isophthalic acid 4-Alkylsalicylid acid % by mol 4 2 3 55-Alkylsalicylic acid % by mol 28 14 24 34 Total of monoalkyl- % by mol0 0 100 95 48 66 94 salicylic acids Salicylic acid having % by mol 100100 100 68 84 73 61 a substituent in the 3-position Salicylic acidhaving % by mol 100 100 0 5 52 34 6 a substituent in the 3- and5-positions Notes Mixing A Mixing B with D with G (5:5) (3:7)

The oxidation life of each of the resultant compositions was measuredwith a device prescribed in “Rotary Bombe System Oxidation StabilityTest Method” (RBOT) prescribed in JISK2514-6 under the same conditionsas prescribed in the above-mentioned method except the condition (1)that water content was not substantially present (no water was added tothe sample and the bombe), and the condition (2) that water content wasexcessively supplied (no water was added to the sample but 5 mL of waterwas added to the bombe: 10% by mass of water in 100% by mass of thesample (100,000 ppm by mass)).

Under the condition (1), the oxidation life was in the range of 510 to590 minutes even if any one of the salicylates was used. Thus, excellentoxidation stability was exhibited.

Under the condition (2), the system was pressured into 620 kPa withoxygen at 25° C., and subsequently the system was heated to 150° C.Accordingly, water content was present as pressured water vapor of 150°C. temperature in the system so as to turn into a state of contactingthe sample sufficiently. Thus, the following condition was reproduced:the condition that a large amount of water resulting from burning in aninternal combustion engine was incorporated into a crank case andfurther the water content remained and accumulated in the crank case.The water content was dissolved in the sample in a saturation state orsupersaturation state. Thus, it can be considered that under the presenttest conditions the oxidation life of each of the lubricating oilscontaining at least 200 ppm or more by mass of water content wasmeasured. The test results are shown in Table 3

TABLE 3 Comparative Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5Example 6 Example 1 RBOT life 265 144 187 115 258 100 40 Water 100,000ppm by mass min

As is evident from Table 3, the following is understood: in the case ofusing monoalkylsalicylates having alkyl groups having 20 or more carbonatoms (Comparative Example 1), the oxidation life was only 40 minutesand got worse by 90% or more under the contamination of water content asdescribed above than under the condition that water content was notsubstantially contained. Thus, it is understood that the salicylates donot exhibit antioxidation performance easily under the contamination ofwater content. On the other hand, in the lubricating oil compositions ofthe invention using the (A) component (Examples 1 and 2), in the casesof using the (B) component(s) (Examples 3 and 4), in the case of usingthe (A) component and the (B) components together (Example 5), and inthe case of using the (A) component together with monoalkylsalicylateshaving alkyl groups having 20 or more carbon atoms (Example 6), theoxidation lives thereof were made about 2 to 7 times as good asoxidation life of the composition of Comparative Example 1. Inparticular, when attention was paid to the salicylates having the samestructure so as to make comparison, it is understood that in the case ofusing salicylates having alkyl groups having 14 or more and less than 20carbon atoms (Examples 1, 3, 4 and 5), the oxidation lives thereof underthe contamination of water content were remarkably better than in thecase where salicylates having alkyl groups having 20 or more carbonatoms (Examples 2 and 6, and Comparative Example 1). In the compositionof Example 5, the content of the calcium salicylate A and that of thecalcium salicylate D were each 1/2; however, the result wassubstantially equivalent to the result of Example 1 using the calciumsalicylate A. Thus, it is understood that synergetic effect wasobtained. It appears that this is because the total constituent ratio ofthe (A) component (3-alkyl-5-methylsalicylate) and the (B) component(3-alkylsalicylate) (all of the alkyl groups therein: secondary C14 toC18) was a high value of 84% by mol, and the constituent ratio of5-alkylsalicylate was low (14% by mol). About the composition in whichthe constituent ratio of the calcium salicylate (B) is adjusted to be30% by mol of the calcium salicylate G of which oxidation life under thecontamination of water content is short (Example 6: the totalconstituent ratio of the (A) component and 3-alkylsalicylate was 73% bymol), the oxidation life thereof was evidently improved. Thus, it isclear that the oxidation life of monoalkylsalicylates under thecontamination of water content can be improved regardless of the numberof carbons in their alkyl groups by incorporating a small amount of the(A) component.

It has been proved that when 3,5-dialkylsalicylate was used as thecomponent (A) in the same way, the oxidation life thereof under thecontamination of water content was able to be improved as compared withthat of the composition of Comparative Example 1.

It has been proved that the lubricating oil composition of theinvention, particularly the lubricating oil composition containing oneor more (A) components (for example, the composition of Example 2) wasbetter than the composition of Comparative Example 1 in the performanceof restraining an increase in the total acid value in a NOx blowing intest (150° C., NOx: 1198 ppm). (Total acid value from initial oil stageto the time when 25 hours passed; Example 2: from 1.0 to 1.4 mgKOH/g,and Comparative Example 1: from 1.0 to 1.8 mgKOH/g)

In the case where zinc dithiophosphate was incorporated into each of thelubricating oil compositions of the invention, the oxidation lifethereof was improved as compared with the case that zinc dithiophosphatewas incorporated into the composition of Comparative Example 1, but wasshorter than that of the composition into which no dithiophosphate wasincorporated. It is therefore preferable that a sulfur-containingadditive such as dithiophosphate is not incorporated.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The lubricating oil composition of the invention is excellent inoxidation stability under the contamination of water content, and isalso excellent in oxidation stability in the presence of NOx. Thus, thelubricating oil composition can be preferably used as a lubricating oilfor internal combustion engines such as a gasoline engine, a dieselengine or a gas engine for two-wheeled vehicles, four-wheeled vehicles,power generation, ship and others. Moreover, the lubricating oilcomposition is particularly suitable for internal combustion engines towhich an exhaust gas purifying catalyst is fitted since the compositionis a low-sulfur lubricating oil. Additionally, the advantageous effectsthereof can be further exhibited when the lubricating oil composition isparticularly favorably used as a lubricating oil for internal combustionengines using low-sulfur fuel having a sulfur content of 50 ppm or lessby mass, that is, internal combustion engines in which the contaminationof sulfur oxide into lubricating oil is largely decreased, in particulargas engines.

The lubricating oil composition of the invention can be preferably usedas a lubricant the oxidation stability of which is desired to beimproved as described above, such as lubricating oil for systems fordriving an automatic or manual change gear or the like, grease, wet-typebrake, oil pressure hydraulic oil, turbine oil, compressor oil, shaftbearing oil, refrigerating machine oil, or the like.

1. A lubricating oil composition, comprising: a lubricant base oilhaving a sulfur content adjusted to 0.1% or less by mass; and thefollowing (A) incorporated into the base oil in an amount of 0.005 to0.5% by mass of the total of the composition, the amount being an amountin terms of the metal element therein: (A) one or more alkali metal oralkaline earth metal salicylates in which the ratio (or percentage) of asalicylate constituent represented by the following general formula (1)is adjusted to 10% or more by mol, and/or one or more (over)basic saltsthereof:

 wherein either one of R¹ and R² in the general formula (1) is an alkylgroup which has 10 to 40 carbon atoms, and the other is a hydrocarbongroup which has less than 5 carbon atoms (and may contain oxygen ornitrogen); and M represents an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal andn represents 1 or 2 in accordance with the valence number of the metalin the general formula (1).
 2. The lubricating oil composition accordingto claim 1, comprising: the lubricant base oil having a sulfur contentadjusted to 0.1% or less by mass; and the (A) incorporated into the baseoil in an amount of 0.005 to 0.5% by mass of the total of thecomposition, the amount being an amount in terms of the metal elementtherein, wherein the total ratio of the salicylate constituents havingthe alkyl group at least at the 3-position in all salicylateconstituents contained in the lubricating oil is 65% or more by mol. 3.The lubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein the totalsulfur content of the composition is 0.2% or less by mass.
 4. Thelubricating oil composition according to claim 1, which contains no zincdithiophosphate.
 5. The lubricating oil composition according to claim1, which does not contain any sulfur-containing additive substantially.6. A process for using the lubricating oil composition according toclaim 1, comprising at least the step of using conditions wherein thewater content in the lubricating oil becomes 200 ppm or more by mass. 7.A process for using the lubricating oil composition according to claim1, comprising at least the step of using an internal combustion engine.8. A process for using the lubricating oil composition according toclaim 7, comprising at least the step of using an internal combustionengine wherein the internal combustion engine uses fuel having a sulfurcontent of 50 ppm or less by mass.
 9. A method for improving theoxidation life of a lubricating oil composition according to claim 2,comprising at least the step of using conditions wherein the watercontent in the composition becomes 200 ppm or more by mass.
 10. Thelubricating oil composition according to claim 1, wherein either one ofR¹ and R² in the general formula (1) is an alkyl group which has 10 ormore and less than 20 carbon atoms, and the other is a hydrocarbon groupwhich has less than 5 carbon atoms (and may contain oxygen or nitrogen).